The noise in different types of rooms should not exceed the Noise Criterion limits listed below:
Type of Room - Space Type Recommended NC Level
NC Curve Equivalent Sound Level
dBA
Apartments 25-35 35-45
Assembly Halls 25-30 35-40
Churches 30-35 40-45
Courtrooms 30-40 40-50
Factories 40-65 50-75
Hotels/Motels
- Individual rooms or suites 25-35 35-45
- Meeting or banquet rooms 25-35 35-45
- Service and Support Areas 40-45 45-50
- Halls, corridors, lobbies 35-40 50-55
Offices
- Conference rooms 25-30 35-40
- Private 30-35 40-45
- Open-plan areas 35-40 45-50
- Business machines/computers 40-45 50-55
Hospitals and Clinics
- Private rooms 25-30 35-40
- Operating rooms 25-30 35-40
- Wards 30-35 40-45
- Laboratories 35-40 45-50
- Corridors 30-35 40-45
- Public areas 35-40 45-50
Schools
- Lecture and classrooms 25-30 35-40
- Open-plan classrooms 35-40 45-50
Movie motion picture theaters 30-35 40-45
Libraries 35-40 40-50
Legitimate theaters 20-25 30-65
Private Residences 25-35 35-45
Restaurants 40-45 50-55
TV Broadcast studies 15-25 25-35
Recording Studios 15-20 25-30
Concert and recital halls 15-20 25-30
Sport Coliseums 45-55 55-65
Sound broadcasting 15-20 25-30
Example - Estimating NC - Noise Criterion
The Noise Criterion - NC - of a noise spectrum like
62.5 Hz : 40 dB
125 Hz : 50 dB
250 Hz : 55 dB
500 Hz : 60 dB
1000 Hz : 50 dB
2000 Hz : 55 dB
4000 Hz : 45 dB
8000 Hz : 45 dB
Sunday, June 22, 2008
中央人民广播电台 ( Visit Baidu - The Maniac Song Search Engine)
音乐之声hot! — 我要我的音乐 北京 FM90.0
中国之声hot!— 无论身在何处,总有中国之声 全国 AM540 AM639 AM981 AM1008 AM1377 ︱北京 FM106.1
经济之声 — 传播全球资讯,提供理财服务,讲述财富传奇 北京 FM96.6
都市之声 — 新鲜你生活 北京 FM101.8
中华之声— 传播信息,沟通两岸 台湾 AM549 AM765 AM837 AM1116
神州之声 — 乡音递亲情,文化共馨香 台湾 AM684 AM909 AM1089
华夏之声[双语] — 呈现南北文化,引领生活潮流 北京 FM87.8
民族之声 — 汇集蒙.藏.维吾尔.哈萨克与朝鲜五种民族语言节目内蒙古 蒙古共和国 AM1143 AM1422
文艺之声hot! — 故事有你更精彩 北京 FM106.6
银河网络电台 — 人在银河,娱乐由你！在线播出
中国之声hot!— 无论身在何处,总有中国之声 全国 AM540 AM639 AM981 AM1008 AM1377 ︱北京 FM106.1
经济之声 — 传播全球资讯,提供理财服务,讲述财富传奇 北京 FM96.6
都市之声 — 新鲜你生活 北京 FM101.8
中华之声— 传播信息,沟通两岸 台湾 AM549 AM765 AM837 AM1116
神州之声 — 乡音递亲情,文化共馨香 台湾 AM684 AM909 AM1089
华夏之声[双语] — 呈现南北文化,引领生活潮流 北京 FM87.8
民族之声 — 汇集蒙.藏.维吾尔.哈萨克与朝鲜五种民族语言节目内蒙古 蒙古共和国 AM1143 AM1422
文艺之声hot! — 故事有你更精彩 北京 FM106.6
银河网络电台 — 人在银河,娱乐由你！在线播出
Hey Gambateh " Xing Xiu Singing Competetion -( 防。。空洞 ) Please Vote!
Hey, She is cute ... Why not everyone give her a vote : to make her a talent young artist of Brunei.....
So far no album from Brunei....." Chinese" --- That is HOT HOT HOT!!!
All her Friends -- Please vote her here : Gambateh : ---- >
If you like her songs: " Fang --- Kong Dong " --- > Down load here ( COOL)
If you like to vote her: " Go to Vote " --- > IT HERE!!!
Please Drop your comments :
So far no album from Brunei....." Chinese" --- That is HOT HOT HOT!!!
All her Friends -- Please vote her here : Gambateh : ---- >
If you like her songs: " Fang --- Kong Dong " --- > Down load here ( COOL)
If you like to vote her: " Go to Vote " --- > IT HERE!!!
Please Drop your comments :
Mine personally comments is that, Fang needs to sing it with more emotion.... Too hard on the vocal and also .... the feeling in the song not deep enough .. But the special about the song is that, she completely change the auro of the song to her very own! .....
Fang, hope to see you in the finalist! Keep it Up ...
Thursday, June 19, 2008
男女约会总是浪漫无尽的事情
男女约会总是浪漫无尽的事情，很多人的想象中总对男女朋友约会充满幻想，在实际中，却免不了遇到这样那样的尴尬事情，其中，男女朋友约会时最尴尬的又是哪十件事情呢？
尴尬一：尴尬指数 十颗星
天赐良机：下雨，她又没带伞。
于是他自告奋勇骑车送她回家，她坐在后座上为他打伞。多浪漫！
没走几步，一起跌到水坑里。于是她打车先走了，
他自己扛着车子回家。
尴尬二：尴尬指数 九颗星
请客吃饭，当然她也在。酒足饭饱，他喊了一声：这顿我请了！
主动跑到总台去付帐，回来的时候后面跟了个小姐。因为钱不够。
女：“还是我来吧！”
尴尬三：尴尬指数 八颗星
他换了一身新衣服，在楼下等她。
为了给她一个“惊喜”，他决定从树后跳出来吓她一下。
谁知跳出来的时候正巧踩在西瓜皮上，自己坐在水坑里不说，还溅了她一身的泥点。
尴尬四：尴尬指数 十颗星
车上人很多，他本来靠近里面，不怎么挤。
但是突然发现门口上来一位靓女！
于是费尽心思向车门口挤。终于挤到她身边了，还没来得及仔细瞧，她终于忍不住了，
吐了他一身，然后说了句对不起就下车了。
....... email if you want to know more ... :)
尴尬一：尴尬指数 十颗星
天赐良机：下雨，她又没带伞。
于是他自告奋勇骑车送她回家，她坐在后座上为他打伞。多浪漫！
没走几步，一起跌到水坑里。于是她打车先走了，
他自己扛着车子回家。
尴尬二：尴尬指数 九颗星
请客吃饭，当然她也在。酒足饭饱，他喊了一声：这顿我请了！
主动跑到总台去付帐，回来的时候后面跟了个小姐。因为钱不够。
女：“还是我来吧！”
尴尬三：尴尬指数 八颗星
他换了一身新衣服，在楼下等她。
为了给她一个“惊喜”，他决定从树后跳出来吓她一下。
谁知跳出来的时候正巧踩在西瓜皮上，自己坐在水坑里不说，还溅了她一身的泥点。
尴尬四：尴尬指数 十颗星
车上人很多，他本来靠近里面，不怎么挤。
但是突然发现门口上来一位靓女！
于是费尽心思向车门口挤。终于挤到她身边了，还没来得及仔细瞧，她终于忍不住了，
吐了他一身，然后说了句对不起就下车了。
....... email if you want to know more ... :)
The Fact of kissing ! --- Mwaaak!!!
10 quirky facts about kissingBy Laura Schaefer Think you know a thing or two about kissing? You probably do. But the facts below are so off the beaten path, we’ll bet you don’t know them all—and they could come in handy. Not only could they provide some steamy “Did you know…?” chit chat, but they’ll help you see all the benefits a satisfying lip lock can bring into your life. Happy smooching!
1. Two out of every three couples turn their heads to the right when they kiss.
2. A simple peck uses two muscles; a passionate kiss, on the other hand, uses all 34 muscles in your face. Now that’s a rigorous workout!
3. Like fingerprints or snowflakes, no two lip impressions are alike.
4. Kissing is good for what ails you. Research shows that the act of smooching improves our skin, helps circulation, prevents tooth decay, and can even relieve headaches.
5. The average person spends 336 hours of his or her life kissing.
6. Ever wonder how an “X” came to represent a kiss? Starting in the Middle Ages, people who could not read used an X as a signature. They would kiss this mark as a sign of sincerity. Eventually, the X came to represent the kiss itself.
7. Talk about a rush! Kissing releases the same neurotransmitters in our brains as parachuting, bungee jumping, and running.
8. The average woman kisses 29 men before she gets married.
9. Men who kiss their partners before leaving for work average higher incomes than those who don’t.
10. The longest kiss in movie history was between Jane Wyman and Regis Tommey in the 1941 film, You’re in the Army Now. It lasted 3 minutes and 5 seconds. So if you’ve beaten that record, it’s time to celebrate! Laura Schaefer is the author of Man with Farm Seeks Woman with Tractor: The Best and Worst Personal Ads of All Time.
1. Two out of every three couples turn their heads to the right when they kiss.
2. A simple peck uses two muscles; a passionate kiss, on the other hand, uses all 34 muscles in your face. Now that’s a rigorous workout!
3. Like fingerprints or snowflakes, no two lip impressions are alike.
4. Kissing is good for what ails you. Research shows that the act of smooching improves our skin, helps circulation, prevents tooth decay, and can even relieve headaches.
5. The average person spends 336 hours of his or her life kissing.
6. Ever wonder how an “X” came to represent a kiss? Starting in the Middle Ages, people who could not read used an X as a signature. They would kiss this mark as a sign of sincerity. Eventually, the X came to represent the kiss itself.
7. Talk about a rush! Kissing releases the same neurotransmitters in our brains as parachuting, bungee jumping, and running.
8. The average woman kisses 29 men before she gets married.
9. Men who kiss their partners before leaving for work average higher incomes than those who don’t.
10. The longest kiss in movie history was between Jane Wyman and Regis Tommey in the 1941 film, You’re in the Army Now. It lasted 3 minutes and 5 seconds. So if you’ve beaten that record, it’s time to celebrate! Laura Schaefer is the author of Man with Farm Seeks Woman with Tractor: The Best and Worst Personal Ads of All Time.
Monday, June 9, 2008
The Home For Civil Engineering ( Free Software ) DEMO available @
Home / Software Guide / Bridge Engineering
BDM3D A modular 3D bridge design system.
Download Availability: Free Evaluation
BRIDG for Windows 2D and 3D bridge analysis and rating program.
Download Availability: Free Demo
Bridge Designer II Addresses the various requirements of pre- and post-tensioned Concrete Bridge Analysis and Design.
Download Availability: Free Evaluation
Bridge SelectCAD Used to layout the geometry of bridge.
Download Availability: Free Demo CD
CONSYS 2000 A tool for the analysis of live loads and static loads on single-span and multi-span bridges.
Download Availability: Not Available
EnBeamC 6.0 A Program for the Analysis and Design of Prestressed Beams in Continuous and Simple Spans
Download Availability: Free Demo
GEOMATH Bridge layout and geometry solution.
Download Availability: Free Demo
GEOPAK Bridge Used for 3D geometric modeling of simple spans or multilevel interchanges. Download Availability: Not Available
LUSAS Bridge LUSAS Bridge contains a comprehensive range of engineering analysis facilities to cater for all types of bridge design.
Download Availability: Not available
PENTAGON-Bridge PENTAGON-Bridge has comprehensive analysis facilities to design all types of bridge design from simple grillages to complex cable stayed and suspension bridges.
Download Availability: Free
UniBear 1.2 for Windows A program to analyze and design bridge piers, bridge abutment walls, and retaining walls.
Download Availability: Free Demo
WinBDS Bridge Design System
Download Availability: Free Demo
BDM3D A modular 3D bridge design system.
Download Availability: Free Evaluation
BRIDG for Windows 2D and 3D bridge analysis and rating program.
Download Availability: Free Demo
Bridge Designer II Addresses the various requirements of pre- and post-tensioned Concrete Bridge Analysis and Design.
Download Availability: Free Evaluation
Bridge SelectCAD Used to layout the geometry of bridge.
Download Availability: Free Demo CD
CONSYS 2000 A tool for the analysis of live loads and static loads on single-span and multi-span bridges.
Download Availability: Not Available
EnBeamC 6.0 A Program for the Analysis and Design of Prestressed Beams in Continuous and Simple Spans
Download Availability: Free Demo
GEOMATH Bridge layout and geometry solution.
Download Availability: Free Demo
GEOPAK Bridge Used for 3D geometric modeling of simple spans or multilevel interchanges. Download Availability: Not Available
LUSAS Bridge LUSAS Bridge contains a comprehensive range of engineering analysis facilities to cater for all types of bridge design.
Download Availability: Not available
PENTAGON-Bridge PENTAGON-Bridge has comprehensive analysis facilities to design all types of bridge design from simple grillages to complex cable stayed and suspension bridges.
Download Availability: Free
UniBear 1.2 for Windows A program to analyze and design bridge piers, bridge abutment walls, and retaining walls.
Download Availability: Free Demo
WinBDS Bridge Design System
Download Availability: Free Demo
Sunday, June 8, 2008
Engineering Magazines, white paper & downloads
Engineering
Browse through our extensive list of free Engineering magazines, white papers, downloads and podcasts to find the titles that best match your skills and interests; topics include electronics, civil engineering, design engineering and bioengineering. Simply complete the application form and submit it. Remember to fill out the forms COMPLETELY. All are absolutely free to professionals who qualify.
( Visit the site: http://seppgoo.tradepub.com/?pt=cat&page=Eng&gclid=CPKym--05pMCFQMXewodWRxp-g)
Adhesives & Sealants Industry Is edited for manufacturers, formulators, and end users of adhesives and sealants, pressure sensitives, and..
Advanced Packaging News & resources for engineers involved in microelectronics packaging materials & technologies...
Aerospace Manufacturing and Design Provides up-to-date information on the latest developments in materials, manufacturing processes, and..
Analog DesignLine Europe Newsletter Provides a weekly design, news, and product resource direct to the engineers in-box...
Appliance Is the only complete source of industry news, statistics, trends, in-depth features, new products and more...
appliance DESIGN Is devoted to providing solutions for design and engineering teams in the global, commercial, and medical appliance/durable..
The Architect's Newspaper Is the most comprehensive source of information on the latest projects and commissions, unfolding politics and..
Architectural SSL Is focused on the development, application, specification and design merit of LEDs and solid-state lighting throughout the..
Asia Electronics Industry Delivers reviews of hot technologies affecting the electronics industry in Asian countries as well as how these..
Assembly Is edited to serve manufacturing professionals responsible for engineering and managing product assembly operations throughout the..
Automation World Is the popular new publication written for the entire manufacturing automation team...
Automotive Industries Is the world's oldest trade magazine covering the global automotive industry...
Automotive News Europe Is the leading source of European auto industry news and statistics...
Biophotonics International Delivers a unique global insight into the photonic products and techniques that solve problems for professionals..
Building Design + Construction Provides fundamental industry news, construction data, coverage of cutting-edge projects and project delivery..
CE News Helps civil engineers and land surveyors improve their individual careers and their businesses by focusing on the business of..
CE Pro (Custom Electronics Professionals) Helps dealers and installers stay current on products, understand technology and run profitable..
Chemical Engineering Serves chemical engineering professionals in the chemical process industry including manufacturing, engineering,..
Church Production Magazine Is the leading resource and educational guide for those involved in making decisions about their church's use of..
CircuiTree Is the world's best source of information for the printed circuit board industry...
Clean Rooms Services in the design, construction, operation and maintenance of cleanrooms and contamination control systems...
Competitive Production Features original case studies from OEM and tier-level manufacturers who have applied high-performance machining..
Compound Semiconductor Delivers unrivalled coverage of GaAs and III-V integrated circuits, LEDs, telecoms components and wide-bandgap..
Construction & Demolition Recycling Addresses the rapidly emerging construction and demolition recycling industry...
Control Serves the information needs of engineering, operations and management personnel in the process automation industries...
Control Design Is dedicated to the special information needs of industrial machine builders...
Control Engineering Is the multimedia leader in editorial coverage of control, instrumentation and automation...
Converting Is the industry leading monthly publication providing a broad perspective on printing, packaging and label markets...
Dealing with Chaos: 4 Steps to Manufacturing Success Find out how to balance your Lean manufacturing initiatives with the supply chain..
Design-2-Part Magazine Specializes in helping OEM's take their product from design to part...
Desktop Engineering For engineering professionals in all major manufacturing and process industries who use and specify the purchase of..
Diesel & Gas Turbine Worldwide Is the Marine & Stationary Power Authority, covering the markets, products, technology and industry news of..
Diesel Progress International Edition Covers the products, technology and industry news of the engine-powered equipment and component..
E&P (Hart's E&P) Covers the latest data and analysis on exploration & reservoir characterization, well construction, production..
EDN Is the most authoritative technical voice in electronic design...
EE Times Delivers business and technology news every week to engineers and technical managers in the electronics industry...
EE Times Asia Serves the electronic engineering community by delivering the latest industry and technology trends and explaining how those..
EE Times Europe Provides the creators of technology in Europe with News, Analysis, Product and Design Information in a wide range of media..
Electrical Contractor Is published monthly by the National Electrical Contractors Association and serves the field of electrical contracting..
Electronic Design The strategic partner of system designers and suppliers for the past 50 years, helping to bring them together so that they..
Electronic Design Europe Provides leading edge technical information to electronics engineers and engineering managers in the European..
Electronic Products Reports on important developments in products and product technology...
Electronics & Computers: Market Quality & Compliance - Risks to Growth in the Electronics & Computers Industry Learn how to profitably..
Engineered Systems Is a monthly magazine that provides practical, application-oriented information to assist facility engineers, consulting..
Environmental Design + Construction Is the premier source for integrated high-performance building, is dedicated to efficient and..
EP&T - Electronic Products and Technology Is Canada's leading provider of technical product information for electronic designers, engineers..
Equipment World Is a publication for construction contractors, equipment manufacturers, dealers and providers of services and supplies to..
Essential Managers Guide for Intelligent Communications Transform Your Business with Intelligent Communications..
European Medical Device Manufacturer Is Europe's leading sourcebook for designers and manufacturers of medical devices...
EuroPhotonics Is designed to provide current and potential end users specific information on photonic products available in Europe and where..
Evaluation Engineering Is edited for managers and engineers in the electronic evaluation and test market...
Filtration + Separation Is the end user magazine for the international filtration and separation industry...
Flexible Brand Solutions Includes helpful links and articles on Sustainable Packaging, as well as the new Global Flexible Packaging Gallery...
Flow Control Serves process, manufacturing and engineering industries with the primary end products and services in Food & Beverage..
Food Engineering Is written exclusively for the manufacturing team in the food and beverage process industry...
Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News Is dedicated to biotech news, from bench to business, and was introduced in 1981 as the first..
Hydrocarbon Engineering Is a leading source of technical and analytical information for the downstream oil and gas processing sector...
Hydrocarbon Processing Is the premier magazine providing job-help information to technical and management personnel in petroleum refining,..
IEN Italia Offre un'informazione concisa sugli sviluppi tecnologici dell'industria di processo alle figure chiave del mondo industriale...
Industrial Control DesignLine Europe Newsletter Provides information for design engineers and engineering managers involved in developing..
Industrial Engineering News Europe Is a product news publication reporting on new industrial products, with an emphasis on high-tech sector..
Industrial Equipment News® Provides subscribers exclusive access to timely and comprehensive product information, news and sources..
Industrial Hygiene News Provides information to professionals in the Occupational Health, Industrial Hygiene and Safety fields...
Industrial Laser Solutions for Manufacturing The authoritative source of timely information on how lasers are being used and will be used in..
Industrial Market Trends Delivers thought-provoking coverage and analysis of key industry issues and developments, and consolidates..
Industrial Process Products & Technology Addresses the process products and technology information needs of more than 25,000 process..
Interference Technology Is the information source for engineering professionals working with interference problems-preventing EMI..
Laser Focus World Optics, electro-optics and optoelectronics. Covers the full spectrum of electro-optics applications...
LEDs Magazine Is the leading global information source on the technology and applications of LEDs...
Lightwave Covers all fiber-optic communications technologies worldwide from long-distance transmission through metro applications to..
Live Sound International Is the world's leading publication for sound reinforcement professionals...
Maintenance Technology Is the premier publication for equipment reliability and maintenance bringing you quality articles on best..
Manutenzione In ogni numero si trata di ambiente, sicurezza & salute, manutenzione elettrica, Manutenzione meccanica, fluid engineering e..
Medical Device Technology Is a comprehensive source of technical information on all aspects of the design, production and manufacture of..
Medical Electronics Manufacturing Is the only publication of its kind dedicated exclusively to the medical electronics market...
Microwave Engineering Europe Is the leading journal for microwave and RF engineering professionals in Europe...
Microwave Journal Provides design, application and product information about devices, components, subsystems and system technology, as well..
Microwave Product Digest Is the premier new product magazine devoted to information on components, equipment and subsystems for the RF,..
Microwaves & RF Dedicated to educating senior-level design engineers and engineering managers who work on all types of RF and microwave..
Military & Aerospace Electronics Published and edited exclusively for engineering managers and engineers involved with military and..
NASA Tech Briefs Features exclusive reports of innovations developed by NASA and its industry partners/contractors that can be applied to..
Offshore Engineer Provides the highest quality editorial product across the broad spectrum of offshore technologies...
Oil, Gas & Petrochem Equipment Announces more new equipment, products, systems, services, and technologies than any other oil industry..
On the Edge Presents insight and information about current issues in the packaging field...
Optics & Laser Europe Is a technology-transfer magazine for the European optics industry...
Overhaul & Maintenance Is the most recognized and useful publication in the MRO marketplace...
Photonics Spectra Provides business news and technology solutions to readers in the optics, lasers, imaging, fiber optics, electro-optics..
PipeLine and Gas Technology Is your one real choice for crucial information on: engineering, construction, storage, transmission &..
PM Engineer Is the magazine of choice for those involved in the design and specification of plumbing, piping, hydronic/radiant heating and..
Pollution Engineering Provides information for today's Engineers and Consulting Engineers in the Pollution Control field...
Pollution Equipment News Provides information to professionals who work with Hazardous Waste, Wastewater, Air and Water...
Powder Bulk Solids Is the leading resource for the dry processing and solids handling industry...
Power Engineering Is the comprehensive voice of the power generation industry that provides readers with the critical information needed to..
Power Engineering International Provides articles on new technologies and installations as well as market reports, news, commentary and..
ProAudio Review ProAudio Review is the leading product review resource for sound professionals...
Process Cleaning Has been created to begin the new era of timely, compelling, and leading-edge cleaning information...
Process Heating Is written for manufacturing engineers who use heat processing equipment, components, materials and supplies...
Processing & Control News Europe Covers every aspect of process engineering including process and plant design, plant operation & quality..
PROCESSWest Is a publication that truly serves Western Canadian Processors...
Product News Alert Provides the latest industry trends and developments, helps you monitor what your competitors are doing, and see how new..
Produits Equipements Industriels Adresse aux ingénieurs d'études, de production et aux directions des achats en apportant un..
Quality Is a monthly business publication serving the quality assurance and process improvement needs of more than 64,000 manufacturing..
Radio World Is the definitive source for information on technology, industry news, management techniques, applications-oriented engineering..
Recycling Today Provides the most comprehensive market coverage for scrap commodity markets, legislative and regulatory issues, as well as..
Reeves Journal Addresses the regional opportunities and challenges facing contractors, wholesalers and engineers in the 14 western states...
Security + Life Safety Systems Bridges the information needs of systems designers, electrical contractor installers and corporate end user..
Solid State Technology Provides global access to the most influential buying powers in the semiconductor industry...
Speech Technology Magazine Is recognized worldwide as the leading source of information on products, services and technology related to the..
Sustainable Facility Is a magazine and website specifically reaching professionals overseeing commercial, institutional, industrial and..
Systems Contractor News Is the leading provider of timely and accurate news, analysis, and reference information to the electronic systems..
Technische Revue Für Konstrukteure, Entwickler und das technische Management, vorwiegend aus den Bereichen Maschinenbau und..
Test & Measurement World Is the leading publication for engineers involved in electronics test, measurement, and inspection...
ThomasGlobal.com Industrial Supplier Alerts and Newsletters Delivers timely and comprehensive industrial product information that is vital..
Time-Compression Technologies Topics such as R&D, management, sales and marketing, Internet, engineering, tooling and manufacturing issues..
Tooling & Production Provides information to metalworking professionals working in large, high-throughput plants...
Transmission & Distribution World Is edited for engineers and operating professionals in the electric power industry...
Underground Construction Is for underground construction professionals involved in the construction and rehabilitation of pipeline and cable..
Utility Automation & Engineering T&D Provides the utility industry with information on transmission and distribution automation systems and..
Utility Products Is a monthly magazine that provides influential product information to the decision makers and specifiers in the power,..
Vision Systems Design For engineers who research, design, develop, manufacture, and integrate components and subsystems for machine-vision..
Water & Wastes Digest Serves the field of water supply and wastewater systems...
Water & Wastes Digest Executive News Summary Is the preeminent source of information for water and wastewater professionals...
Water & Wastewater International Provides practical knowledge and insight that saves time and money for water system operators, wastewater..
World Pumps Is the international magazine for pump professionals...
Browse through our extensive list of free Engineering magazines, white papers, downloads and podcasts to find the titles that best match your skills and interests; topics include electronics, civil engineering, design engineering and bioengineering. Simply complete the application form and submit it. Remember to fill out the forms COMPLETELY. All are absolutely free to professionals who qualify.
( Visit the site: http://seppgoo.tradepub.com/?pt=cat&page=Eng&gclid=CPKym--05pMCFQMXewodWRxp-g)
Adhesives & Sealants Industry Is edited for manufacturers, formulators, and end users of adhesives and sealants, pressure sensitives, and..
Advanced Packaging News & resources for engineers involved in microelectronics packaging materials & technologies...
Aerospace Manufacturing and Design Provides up-to-date information on the latest developments in materials, manufacturing processes, and..
Analog DesignLine Europe Newsletter Provides a weekly design, news, and product resource direct to the engineers in-box...
Appliance Is the only complete source of industry news, statistics, trends, in-depth features, new products and more...
appliance DESIGN Is devoted to providing solutions for design and engineering teams in the global, commercial, and medical appliance/durable..
The Architect's Newspaper Is the most comprehensive source of information on the latest projects and commissions, unfolding politics and..
Architectural SSL Is focused on the development, application, specification and design merit of LEDs and solid-state lighting throughout the..
Asia Electronics Industry Delivers reviews of hot technologies affecting the electronics industry in Asian countries as well as how these..
Assembly Is edited to serve manufacturing professionals responsible for engineering and managing product assembly operations throughout the..
Automation World Is the popular new publication written for the entire manufacturing automation team...
Automotive Industries Is the world's oldest trade magazine covering the global automotive industry...
Automotive News Europe Is the leading source of European auto industry news and statistics...
Biophotonics International Delivers a unique global insight into the photonic products and techniques that solve problems for professionals..
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Something New : --- > New Engineering Forum Is Out!
Dear Engineers,
Please send your comments and make this forum interested to read with....
i) Can be Construction Experince
ii) Can be Design Experien
iii) Project Schedule or Engineering Experince
What ever your point of view.... ( A little share make a better tomorrow)
Please send your comments and make this forum interested to read with....
i) Can be Construction Experince
ii) Can be Design Experien
iii) Project Schedule or Engineering Experince
What ever your point of view.... ( A little share make a better tomorrow)
Q&A
i) How Does Industrial Standard ( Code of Practise ) Benefit ...
ii) Do designer only Stick to Standard.... iii) What is the key Elements where a Standard news to be
Altered at the time of Design And At the time of Construct ...
Please few free to write in, to the following email and the material provided will be compose and accredited to this blog for everyone to share...
Something New....
Engineer Strengthening Aging Concrete, Steel The University of Arizona civil engineering professor has made a career of developing methods to use carbon fiber to strengthen concrete, steel and brick on bridges and other structures that have been damaged or otherwise fallen into disrepair. Read Full Story at Portfolio.comGraphite
massive
graphite silver specimen
General
Category
Native mineral
Chemical formula
Carbon,
CIdentification
Color
Steel black, to gray
Crystal habit
Tabular,
six-sided foliated masses,
granular to compacted masses
Crystal system
Hexagonal
(6/m 2/m 2/m)
Cleavage
Perfect
in one direction
Fracture
Flaky,
otherwise rough when not on cleavage
Mohs Scale hardness
1 - 2
Luster
metallic,
earthy
Refractive
index
Opaque
Pleochroism
None
Streak
Black
Density
2.09–2.23 g/cm³
Solubility
Molten NiUnderstanding Graphic
What wikipedia said ... >>
The mineral graphite, as with diamond and fullerene, is one of the allotropes of carbon. It was named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789 from the Greek γραφειν (graphein): "to draw/write", for its use in pencils, where it is commonly called lead, as distinguished from the actual metallic element lead. Unlike diamond, graphite is an electrical conductor, and can be used, for instance, in the electrodes of an arc lamp. Graphite holds the distinction of being the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds. Graphite may be considered the highest grade of coal, just above anthracite and alternatively called meta-anthracite, although it is not normally used as fuel because it is hard to ignite.
There are three principal types of natural graphite, each occurring in different types of ore deposit: (1) Crystalline flake graphite (or flake graphite for short) occurs as isolated, flat, plate-like particles with hexagonal edges if unbroken and when broken the edges can be irregular or angular; (2) Amorphous graphite occurs as fine particles and is the result of thermal metamorphism of coal, the last stage of coalification, and is sometimes called meta-anthracite. Very fine flake graphite is sometimes called amorphous in the trade; (3) Lump graphite (also called vein graphite) occurs in fissure veins or fractures and appears as massive platy intergrowths of fibrous or acicular crystalline aggregates, and is probably hydrothermal in origin.
The name "graphite fiber" is also sometimes used to refer to carbon fibre or carbon fibre reinforced plastic.
<<<<<<>>>>>>
Original UnEditted From Associated Press ..........................
Engineer strengthening aging concrete, steel
Jun 2 2008 11:27AM EDT
Hamid Saadatmanesh has been called Dr. Carbon. Some people might call him the bridge doctor.
The University of Arizona civil engineering professor has made a career of developing methods to use carbon fiber to strengthen concrete, steel and brick on bridges and other structures that have been damaged or otherwise fallen into disrepair.
Among some high points to date:
- Getting the California Department of Transportation to use carbon fiber fabric to wrap around bridge columns damaged by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake in the San Francisco area.
- And demonstrating that a concrete block wall could withstand an explosive blast from 230 pounds of TNT after it had been covered with carbon fiber and a special epoxy he formulated.
Saadatmanesh (Sah-DOT-man-esh) said he stumbled onto his key findings by chance.
Saadatmanesh had just arrived at the university in the summer of 1987 after earning his Ph.D. at the University of Maryland to work on rehabilitation of bridges.
He described himself as "a young, nervous assistant professor trying to look for something to do, to get a grant" that would lead to job security and eventually tenure.
One day, he noticed corroded steel rebar - bars of steel used in reinforced concrete or reinforced masonry - next to the engineering building.
"Suddenly, it sparked in my mind that this is a problem all over the world, that there are billions of dollars actually spent every year on deterioration of structures because of (rebar) corrosion," Saadatmanesh said.
That's when he thought about making a product that doesn't corrode, ultimately settling on plastic rebar reinforced with carbon fibers, providing strength, durability and resistance to corrosion.
But given the limited application for rebar and the fact that corroded steel rebar can't be extracted from concrete, Saadatmanesh said he turned his attention more to carbon fibers, which were being used in the aerospace industry but not in civil engineering or construction.
Among its qualities, carbon fiber is lightweight, noncorrosive and much stronger than steel. "On the average, the material strength of carbon is 10 times stronger than your average steel," he said.
Saadatmanesh has strongly advocated the transfer of advanced composite materials technology in use in the aerospace industries into construction, for repair of public works and other infrastructure.
Saadatmanesh received eight National Science Foundation grants between 1990 and 1997, totaling more than $1.25 million to pursue his goals.
One grant went toward the TNT explosion demonstration.
With a special epoxy he developed after several years of research, Saadatmanesh bonded carbon fiber sheets, which he calls carbon wrap, on the outside of corroded or cracked steel or concrete beams, columns or slabs, right over the corroded elements.
Today, the professor has his third company, Carbon Wrap Solutions LLC, and sells the materials to contractors across the country.
He said projects are under way from Hawaii to New York - from repairing a 2 million-gallon water tank in Honolulu to several bridges near New York City.
The California Department of Transportation has also made wide use of the carbon fiber technology, Saadatmanesh said.
One customer for the past four years is Richmond, Calif.-based industrial contractor J.T. Thorpe and Son.
"You can put it over existing structures that may have lost their integrity like a concrete tank or steel tank, and you can re-establish that to above its original strength," said company official Gary Stewart.
The company has used the carbon fiber-epoxy process in strengthening steel storage tanks and other storage vessels, particularly in refining applications, "that otherwise would have had to be replaced or go through a process that may have had to be shut down at the cost of power generation or refining capacity," Stewart said.
"We have been able to go in and do repairs using carbon fiber and save down time."
Another current customer is JMA Ventures, landlord for Ghirardelli Square in San Francisco. A contractor is using Saadatmanesh's carbon wrap product to strengthen the brick covering on the historic chocolate factory building, said Joe Nootbaar, a principal in JMA Ventures.
"Their technology enables you to do a strengthening with minimum visual impact ... There's really no difference in the look of the wall," Nootbaar said.
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